Lunch Review 4/2/13

Early Colonies

We went over Spanish, French, and British colonization, some of the major ideas behind it. The Headright System I believe we did already. Things like that. So I was actually going to do colonies.

Key groups that are then attacking different areas in early America:

• The Powhatan Indians kill off, fight in Virginia. That's also going to be Pocahontas. That's another "P".  So Powhatan Indians. They're not really effective at killing off the new colonists. I mean, they slow them down a bit but they do have that nine year peace because of Pocahontas's marriage and then they get wiped out.
• The Pequot - the destroyers, friends of the Dutch. They're going to attack the North, upper New York, upstate New York. They're going to go and get Massachusetts. So you're going to have a lot of Northern fighting there. They're going to be pretty effective at killing off the new colonists. They slow down a lot of progress. A lot of people say by 40 years they slowed down colonial progress in the Northern region.
• King Philip's War (real name Metacom) - go after New England, again. So, kind of like Pennsylvania a little bit more. So, we're moving South just a little bit. They're back country Indians and they're going to steal a woman named Mary Rowlandson. It's much like Snow White. She gets attacked and captured and they take her back and she has to cook and clean for them. She comes and escapes later on and then writes a book about her experiences. Kind of starts a new genre of American literature. They're Wampanoag Indians.
• Pontiac's Rebellion - they one where they use the early form of bio warfare (they actually use it in earlier ones too but not intentionally). Pontiac's Rebellion and that's going to start or actually be an issue in the 1760's and it's going to start another thing that starts with a "P" and that's the British response, the Proclamation Line. So, that's going to be another "P", Pontiac's Rebellion. Actually, it's Fort Pitt, so another "P". They're going to famously throwing smallpox blankets at them. So it's going to be them moving across the Appalachian mountains, farther in. So, it's going to be places like Detroit. So they're much farther inland. And that's why we have the Proclamation Line in 1763.

• Iroquois (a little bit later) - Iroquois Confederacy, the five nations up in the North. They're the ones with the document that a lot of people say is a lot like one of the founding documents of the United States of America. The Iroquois Confederacy have a document - The Articles of Confederation - that we often credit with being the model for one of our founding documents of the United States of America, not of the colonies, not of just democracy. So a lot of people say the Iroquois Confederacy's document looks much like the Articles of Confederation. I think that's reaching a little bit because that's a lot of historians trying to make that true but in ways I guess you have disparate nations that then come together, have a single vote for some of their major decisions. They're all the different nations up in the North and the Iroquois are the strongest tribe there and then they come together to have a government of their own.

Most of the fighting for most of the Native American wars, except for the early ones, they're all going to be in the backcountry. The early ones are going to be Powhatan and then the Pequot is also going to be sort of closer to the East Coast than the North.

The first colony to be created in the New World by the English is Jamestown and it's going to be followed relatively quickly by another English settlement that's also a joint stock company - the Pilgrims coming across. They're going to be Pilgrims and they just start off at Plymouth, they drop down on that rock, maybe, and create their colony. They're a joint stock company which might be important to you guys and their intention is to have religious freedom. I guess the only person you need to associate with our government is a guy named William Bradford and he's actually not the first governor of them, he's the second one, but for some reason he's the guy that comes up. So, he's important in terms of organizing the colony.

Whenever they show up thought they have a couple challenges on them - they have some strangers among them. They have Polish people with them and they are not the same religion so they sign the Mayflower Compact that says the power to govern derives from the governed. (Also it is a precedent for self-government and the Constitution. Not just the Constitution, but the power to govern derives from the governed.) One of the things about it is that they don't have any - and this is a question sometimes - laws in it. There are no prescriptions for an executive. There's nothing in it except to say "we agree to rule ourselves." The reason they can make this document is that they're outside of their territory. The charter was for areas near Virginia. They're suppose to start out really far South and somehow they get knocked off course and end up really far North and then when they get there they're like "Oh, no, we have to create our own government!" Right? So, who knows what the truth is behind that one but it's pretty suspicious to me.

Also, remember that they're hippies. That's what I like about them. Remember the things they name their kids - Hope and Faith and stuff. Super fun! So, they're kind of hippies from the beginning. (The very first kid to be born in America on the way in was Virginia Dare. Isn't that an awesome name?  It's something you throw in an essay for fun. It's not her hyphenated first name. This is going to be in the South. The Southerners weren't hippies. Only the Northerners might do something like that.) So, they sign the Mayflower Compact, they have Thanksgiving in 1621. William Bradford is their leader.

And then we get swallowed up in Plymouth. It gets swallowed up by Massachusetts Bay Colony. And that one is going to be founded by John Winthrop because he gives a speech on the Arabella called "A Model of Christian Charity" and it's most famous line is, "We are a city upon a hill." So, that's going to be Massachusetts Bay Colony. They're going to founded in 1630. They very, very quickly then swallow up Plymouth and they turn into Massachusetts. These guys are totally intolerant and they create new colonies out of themselves because they do not like political dissenters or religious dissenters. In order to be a member of each of these guys communities you had to be religious, in order to vote you had to be a white male owning property. So, be a white male and relatively rich in order to vote. And a church member of good standing.

Colonies made out of Massachusetts:

• Rhode Island - the nice and easy one. Founded by Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams. They have to run away because of religious persecution. She's an antinomianist. That means it doesn't matter how good you are on Earth, you're already pre-destined, one way or the other. But her really special thing of antinomianism was that morality cannot be determined by a government. Morality is only individually determined by yourself so you can't have a government tell you anything about what your religion should be. It wasn't true back then. It makes sense because we're modern Americans, it did not make sense to them back then. It was blasphemy, in fact. So, that's what she's famous for. She's also famous for preaching to men. That's going to be one of those important things, especially if you have to do an essay on women's rights because that is often a question that is asked. So, the other guy, Roger Williams, his deal was that he was kicked out of Massachusetts, he has to go live with the Native Americans and he moves eventually to Rhode Island. He establishes a principle in Rhode Island that we adopted for our country - separation of church and state. So, the church cannot be determined by the state at all. He and she were both Anabaptist. They're Anabaptists. So, Baptists believe that whenever you were born you get baptized and that you had to have that revelation when you were an older person and baptize again. Well, Anabaptists thought you don't need a preacher to help you with that, you can baptize yourself again. Anabaptists, like anabolic steroids. You do it by yourself. It's by yourself - "ana". You can baptize yourself, you don't need religion to do it for you at all. And so that's what religion they are, in case that comes up. Everyone was baptized at birth back then, so it was a given. They don't really quibble about that at all but it was about whether or not you needed a church to baptize you or if you would come to that by yourself. Anabaptists believed that you did it by yourself. It was a movement actually in Germany that started off and then spread through that seemed really subversive because it just bucked the entire hierarchical system of the church. In a lot of those early, early Protestant sects they were very, very traditional in the eyes of today. The idea that you would just be able to come to that yourself is crazy. So, a lot of the early, even Lutherans, you would get rid of the Catholic church as your leader but it was replaced then by the Protestant hierarchy. So, especially, Episcopalians, or something like that, or Anglicans, it's really, really traditional. The whole congregation idea was a big deal that it was part of your entire life and your community. So, if you said that you could baptize yourself, it said that the church and views wasn't a big part of it. Which makes sense for Rhode Island. Rhode Island people made their money on fishing and ship building and whales. They whale. Have you seen Perfect Storm? Whaling. Not whale watching. Whale killing and whale harvesting for ambergris. Moby Dick. Moby Dick is in Rhode Island. (Massachusetts are the rum makers.)
• Connecticut - their founding document is the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.
• New Hampshire - off of Pennsylvania, the thing that's weird about them is that they're the people running away from Massachusetts. Now, the thing that doesn't always make sense but you have to think about it map-wise is that Pennsylvania is also going to be a shoot-off of Massachusetts and they don't turn into a colony until the Quakers come and things like that. But a lot of those people were originally Massachusetts runaways and then they run away to New Hampshire. And New Hampshire is really late, too, to the game, compared to the other ones. Their founding document is the Exeter Compact. It looks much like the Mayflower Compact. Exeter Compact is the New Hampshire document. There's a city in England, which is what it's named off of. There's an English city called Exeter and then Phillips Exeter Academy.

• Maryland - not so much, a little bit but they're going to be founded later as a proprietary.

In the Puritan religion, the "elect" (also known as saints or Visible Saints) are the people in good standing in the church, Visible Saints and the elect. And they kind of have that belief that these people then had more governmental responsibility too, those also went hand and hand.

So, whenever you're talking about a government that has covenants in it means that So whenever you're talking about a community you have a pact under God to kind of like support each other. So that's often how all of these places were ruled at commonwealths, especially, in New England.

I'm trying to cover all the New England stuff.

The New England colonies were relatively rich and middle class. They're pretty solidly rich and middle class. They had Yeoman and subsistence farmers - not cash crop people. The colonies with cash crops were the South so that starts in Virginia and Maryland and then down. So, those are the cash crop places - but some of the Northerner places did have plantations. Rhode Island has slaves and New Jersey has slaves. They don't usually have plantation type, you have one or two. But New York has slaves. It comes up every once in a while, so just be aware that that happens.

The breadbasket colonies in the very beginning (we don't have Ohio yet) are the Middle Colonies and those are going to be New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, (Delaware and Maryland those weird ones that are sometimes considered in the middle, sometimes considered the South, usually you put them in the South - but they are a mixed economy because they do trade and things like that).

When we move away from the New England colonies we'll move to Southern ones, the next major ones that get populated.

After Virginia, just direction-wise, the important ones, the interesting things:

• Maryland - weird because they're Catholic and they passed the Act of Religious Toleration, an important piece for us. The Act of Religious Toleration was weird because it is only for Christians and Catholics and it's suppose to protect Catholics. So, the Catholics pass it because their colony is being overrun and invaded with Protestants because the kings switch in England so all these Protestants are coming in so they pass the Act of Religious Toleration so that when they get outnumbered they will not be persecuted. It's not listened to, they get persecuted anyway, but it's a nice idea. It's started by Lord Baltimore Cecil Calvert. He gets the land proprietary - he's given it by the king.
• Georgia - James Oglethorpe planned to bring in all the convicts, debtors. They were supposed to make their money off of silkworms - it was weird. Wine. He was going to try fancy things. It totally fails. They end up doing rice. They end up doing indigo. They end up doing some tobacco. It's kind of swampy for that. They end up being a buffer state. It's a buffer state. So that worked.
• The Carolinas (North Carolina and South Carolina) - proprietary too. John Locke is the guy who writes their constitution. He doesn't own it.

All of those colonies are called restoration colonies because those are the ones we make after the king gets restored to the crown.

There are a couple more that happen up farther North, the restoration colonies in the Middle Colonies:

• New York - given to the Duke of York who turns into King James so it turns into a royal colony whenever he becomes the king but it was a proprietary colony. Charles gives it to his brother. And that means the other colony next to it was also proprietary...
• New Jersey - so that's given out, proprietary
• Pennsylvania - William Penn, Walking Bargain, Society of Friends. They're tolerant. They're famous for pacifists and being friendly to the Native Americans and being tolerant of black people. They're the first anti-slavery society and they also like Jewish people, they allow for temples. So, this is a pretty tolerant society in the Society of Friends. Although, they're also going to be kind of awful too. Germans move to Pennsylvania in droves - Pennsylvania Dutch.

Restoration colony is one that's made after the restoration of the king, Charles II. So, the restoration colonies are all the ones south, the Carolinas and down. So, not Virginia, obviously, Carolinas and down, and then New York, New Jersey.

Half-way Covenant means you get baptized when you're older and so Half-way Covenant says you don't have to do that so your kids can continue to be part of the church. It shows a decrease in piety and then we're going to have the First Great Awakening.

We're up to Salutary Neglect!

Lunch Review 4/1/13

Populists to 1920's

Know that the potential scandals are on the test. We'll be covering all those things so those'll be a potential on there too.

Farmers

Some of the farmer groups that were important that were kind of the birth of the Populist Party.
These are organizations that are kind of like predecessors to the Grange:

• Animal Husbandry
• Southern Farmer's Alliance/The Farmer's Alliance
• (Yeoman farmers - were not an organization but many of them would be an important group in this but they're not an organization)

What they do in these organizations: They're co-op's right? So they would get lower prices for seed, they would get lower prices for the services that they use. They would get together and put blame on the government and the railroads and stuff so then they turn into a political party.

There are other things that though a cultural aspect that I want you to know: It was almost like you go to church with the same people so it would all be like the ran it almost like a religion. They would be running around together. They had girls and boys groups like boy scouts that would be associated with the Grange. Seems kind of weird to us but yeah. And then essentially they would unite for everybody supporting you know one single court case or political agenda. Like some sort of "we all support the same cause." Which is why people started recognizing that that was really important and joined together in what was called the Populist Party.

And the reason that they're a little bit difficult is that not all of them have the same aims. And that is partially why they fail as a party. They don't have a really clear sense of it. The clearest sense of it is when they come together and they have the two platform, one more important than the other: the Omah Platform and the other random one in Florida, the Ocala Platform. Those are two platforms you might run into.

Things that most Populists agree with:

• Government should own the railroad and telegraphs. So they want communication and they want all their basic services needed to transport their goods to be run by the government so that can get them low prices for everything.
• Free silver or cheap silver. They want to print money off of silver at a 16:1 ratio. The law that says 16:1 is a really good ratio and we should use that is the Bland-Allison Act. The Bland-Allison Act is going to create the 16:1 ratio but it doesn't require that people purchase a lot of silver and it doesn't require that it's printed. So that's why in 1890 we have the Sherman Silver Purchase Act which allows us to purchase the silver. We did print some off of it to make the Populists happy but not enough to entirely make them happy. One of the kind of galvanizing events that makes the Populists political party is going to be the demonetization of silver. It's going to be called the Crime of '73 and it cause the Panic of '73. So '73, 1873 and this is still during Reconstruction. They demonetize silver because they're worried that it's just getting out of control and that things are just going to have rampant inflation like we saw with the Nazi's or whatever. So they wanted to control that inflation and demonetize silver which was a little bit too drastic. That's why the Populists would intervene.
• Direct election of senators. So, having a really responsive government. They don't want socialism. They want more socialism. They want aspects of socialism. They do not want a socialistic government. They still want to be able to control for their own prices. Do you guys get that? They want to be good capitalists and make tons of money but they want the government to control the prices of other people so that they can't take their money. Railroads can't be good capitalists but farmers could be. So they are not socialist. They do not want socialism. They want aspects of it to make their lives better. So you see that because of the very responsive government - they want direct election of senators, they want secret ballot, the referendum recall.  
• They want to have the government controlling a lot of industries to control prices for them. And them I mean farmers mostly in the west and the south. So Southern and Western farmers are going to be the people who want government to control industries to control their prices.

• Black Rights - they want them sometimes, at the very beginning, when they're small. And then when they need to appeal to more people they drop them.
• Women's Rights - same thing as Black Rights. They want them at the beginning and as they get bigger they're like "eh." Kind of gave up on women's rights.

They wanted the government to make policies that would allow them to do things but didn't force them to. They would rather the government kind of take issues as they came and fix them as they came - Progressives as kind of the contrast to it. Progressives wanted to fix things for everyone, bureaucracies that had lives of their own, kind of predict problems that were going to happen in the future. To some extent Populists were happy with a Progressive President but a lot of those issues are not Populist issues. Remember they live in the West and the South. So the Populists are not exactly going to be happy with what's happening in Progressivism because that's happening in the cities, that's in the urban areas. But otherwise in some of the direct it's going in they don't mind that government is doing things like controlling interstate commerce, they like that a lot. They hate conservationism because they could totally do stuff on that land.

Populists didn't want the government to take total control. They wanted the ability to control railroads and they didn't have the ability to do that themselves so they wanted a government to do it for them.

The divide between two types of farmers:

In the far west you had different goals compared with people in the South and the North and stuff. There are different levels of farmers.

You have plantation owners in the South with sharecroppers. They're not going to have the same issues with homesteaders in the West. So plantation owners, rich invested land owners, they're going to go for the Democratic party in the South. And then some of them are going to be Republicans. It sort of depends. Some of them may still be Populist. It depends on how rich you are. So one of the things you're going to see is as the Populist Party does kind of disintegrate the party that is going to adopt them is going to be the Democrats. The Democrats are going to open up and realize they weren't getting anywhere with the people who voted for Democrats right after the Civil War - the solid South, that meant they were the South, that meant they were Dixiecrats, racists - they realized that they weren't kind of getting anywhere with that, just that, and they decided to go ahead and take on Populist values and they get more votes that way.

So I guess we're just doing the story of the Populists - we'll go back and cover some other things later.

So, they managed to get some court legislation and some Supreme Court decision that will help the balance:

• Munn vs. Illinois - the government can use imminent domain to control and take over industries in the best interest of everyone. And the issue happened to be grain elevators. Frank Norris was a Progressive who wrote a book about grain elevators and grain speculation (called The Pitt) but was more famous for The Octopus - you want to know all those authors.
• Wabash vs. Illinois - not the same thing. Interstate commerce allows the federal government to control things like railroads. And it leads to a new entity called the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) which then allows them to enforce their control over the people. You need to tie that to something just to finish out that story - Wilson creates and organization that will be underneath the ICC that only deals with monopolies and trusts called the FTC (Federal Trade Commission). It's going to be underneath Wilson and it's goal is to stop trusts and monopolies. Up to that it'd been individual things and now he created a bureaucracy, Progressive-style, to take care of future potential problems.  

Okay going backwards to Populists again.

Let's finish the silver story. So you have the Crime of '73, Panic of '73, Panic of '93 - drought's going to cause '93. Remember that's the Wizard of Oz, remember that drought, that's going to be Wizard of Oz. Crime of '73 isn't a scandal it's just a mistake by the government who says, "In order to stop this inflation let's demonetize all this silver right now!" And it's very likely they should have repealed it but maybe not so abruptly because it freaks everyone out. The money you have printed on silver is not worth anything. So what people had to do was take their money that was printed on silver and take it to the bank and the bank would actually take it out of circulation and return you money based on gold but in so doing it made the individual valuation of that money really high so you got back less money. So it happened over time, it wasn't like one day if you happened to be the sucker with silver money you're just poor. So in 1873, we have the Crime of '73 which demonetizes silver. In 1875 they make it even harsher and now they do basically what the specie circular was a long time ago in 1836, they just say you have to pay everything in hard currency. Basically what it was is they just said all greenbacks are no longer valid. You could have money based on gold. What it did was it got rid of greenbacks. During the Civil War you had greenbacks, just money printed off nothing, well after the war they continued issuing some of those greenbacks and it was allowing for inflation. Specie Resumption Act says the only money that is good is based on gold. So you had in '73 the devalued relaunch of silver and now you're saying that all those greenbacks that were out there that had value at one time now they're valueless too. And it'd be the same thing. It's not like you're the sucker with the greenbacks, now you have zero money. Basically the banks would turn that around, pay it back in lower amounts. This was in ways a response to the Panic of '73. The government doesn't know what it's doing. What they're trying to do is save the economy.

At the Constitution, we say the only people allowed to make currency is the federal government. However, many places did not exactly abide by it and no one fought that. So what's going to happen here with the Progressives is we're actually going to create the treasury system and we're going to create the FBI and soon we're going to have groups that are going to stop counterfeiters and you know actually have organizations.

When we were on the gold standard each dollar was backed by a certain percentage of gold in our treasury. It represented it directly and now it doesn't directly represent it, it just simply represents value.

This fight over silver ends in 1896 because they find gold in Alaska. That's what Yukon Gold or Klondike Gold means. So in 1896 their issue disappears. William James Bryan had championed their issue for the Democratic party who gives super famous speech called "Cross of Gold." Basically, he's putting his entire campaign on it and when we find gold in 1896 he loses. McKinley wins. That's weird because he doesn't have the campaign, Mark Hanna, his campaign manager, brings people to him while they're doing their riots. This is the last time you pay attention to the farmers in any election.

So, anyways, that's why the Populists are no longer as big a party anymore. The Democrats take all their positions and then when we get McKinley now we have the Progressives in power and a lot of those issues get taken by the Progressives.

We find some gold in South Dakota as well. So when we do find gold in South Dakota we kick the Indians out. So that's some of the Native American issues going on at this time period. Sand Creek Massacre in Colorado with the Indians there. Dawes Severalty Act making it so that individuals own that land so that we can sell it.  Also there's where we take people and forcibly give them boarding school so that they lose their culture. Wounded Knee is going to be retaliation for Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn and the movement that leads the Native Americans to have that last standoff is Ghost Dance.